搜題
共用題干
How Human's Personalities and Behaviors Are Formed
1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs.nurture".
3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has littie,if anything ,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining howwe will act.A behaviorist, B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shapedby their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines ,humans respond to environmental stimulias the basis of their behavior.
5 Let us examine the different expianations about one human chiaracteristic，intelligence ,offered by the tow theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say ,they don’t believe that factors in the enviroment have much inluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that ourinelligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an invironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses willexperience greater intellectual development.
Social scientists want to clear out______.
A:human is i)Orfl with a certain personality
B:how the personality and behavior are formed
C:will experience intellectual development
D:tWo differenlt schools on the matter have developed
E:will influ ence on characters
F:human is horn with no personality
How Human's Personalities and Behaviors Are Formed
1 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed.It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.
2 Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions.They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors.There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed.As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other.The controversy is often conveniently referred to as "nature vs.nurture".
3 Those who support the"nature"side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.That our environment has littie,if anything ,to do with our abilities,characteristics and behaviors is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
4 Those who support the"nurture"theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining howwe will act.A behaviorist, B.F.Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shapedby their surroundings.The behaviorists maintain that,like machines ,humans respond to environmental stimulias the basis of their behavior.
5 Let us examine the different expianations about one human chiaracteristic，intelligence ,offered by the tow theories.Supporters of the"nature"theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined.Needless to say ,they don’t believe that factors in the enviroment have much inluence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic.On the other hand,behaviorists argue that ourinelligence levels are the product of our experiences.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an invironment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses willexperience greater intellectual development.
Social scientists want to clear out______.
A:human is i)Orfl with a certain personality
B:how the personality and behavior are formed
C:will experience intellectual development
D:tWo differenlt schools on the matter have developed
E:will influ ence on characters
F:human is horn with no personality
Paragraph 4
A. Competing Explanations
B. Unknown Attacks
C. Mysterious Explosion
D. Star War
E. Importance of Finding Evidence
F. Explanation that Worries Scientists
A. Competing Explanations
B. Unknown Attacks
C. Mysterious Explosion
D. Star War
E. Importance of Finding Evidence
F. Explanation that Worries Scientists
共用題干
第三篇
The World Cup
This summer's World Cup competition will see teams competing to play the world's best
football.But the football they play will not all be of the same kind.The fans expect different
styles of play from Brazil,Germany, or Italy.
What makes Brazilian football Brazilian?Our style of playing football contrasts with the
Europeans because of a combination of qualities of surprise,accuracy and good judgment.
This style has won Brazil five world cups.Yet many Brazilian fans only count four of these
victories.In 1994,the team abandoned this style for modern,scientific training and tactics.
The team won the cup,but in a boring way.
The Italians think differently."To many Italians,the score 0-0 has a glorious quality,
suggesting perfection,"says the British football writer Simon Kuper.In the Italian culture,
the idea of face is very important.This is why Italian teams are traditionally built around
strong defences.The Dutch footballer Johan Cruyff once said that Italian teams never
exactly beat you.It's just that you often lose to them.
In Holland,there is a tradition of decision making through argument and discussion.It is
a society where everybody is expected to have a point of view."Every Dutch player wants
to control the game,"says Arnold Muhren."You play football with your brains and not your
feet."
"A Dutch player argues,"says Simon Kuper."An English player obeys his superior.
He is a soldier."The qualities valued in English football are military-strength,aggression
and courage.This can make for exciting football.But it also means that the English find it
difficult to use skillful players.David Beckham is usually criticized for his failure to defend一
despite the fact that he is an attacker.
If the English like to fight,the Germans like to win.In recent years,Germany has tried
to change its image as a country of ruthless efficiency and a desire for victory at all costs.
But Germans are quite happy for these qualities to remain in their national football team.
"Football is a simple game,"Gary Lineker once said."You kick a ball about for ninety
minutes and in the end the Germans win."
It's difficult to predict who will win this year's World Cup.There is no strong favorite.But
a look at the track record of previous winners shows that it is the nations with the strongest
national characteristics in the football that perform best.It seems that you need to know
where you come from if you want to get to the top.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Brazilian style of playing football?
A:Accuracy.
B:Surprise.
C:Good judgment.
D:Ruthless efficiency.
第三篇
The World Cup
This summer's World Cup competition will see teams competing to play the world's best
football.But the football they play will not all be of the same kind.The fans expect different
styles of play from Brazil,Germany, or Italy.
What makes Brazilian football Brazilian?Our style of playing football contrasts with the
Europeans because of a combination of qualities of surprise,accuracy and good judgment.
This style has won Brazil five world cups.Yet many Brazilian fans only count four of these
victories.In 1994,the team abandoned this style for modern,scientific training and tactics.
The team won the cup,but in a boring way.
The Italians think differently."To many Italians,the score 0-0 has a glorious quality,
suggesting perfection,"says the British football writer Simon Kuper.In the Italian culture,
the idea of face is very important.This is why Italian teams are traditionally built around
strong defences.The Dutch footballer Johan Cruyff once said that Italian teams never
exactly beat you.It's just that you often lose to them.
In Holland,there is a tradition of decision making through argument and discussion.It is
a society where everybody is expected to have a point of view."Every Dutch player wants
to control the game,"says Arnold Muhren."You play football with your brains and not your
feet."
"A Dutch player argues,"says Simon Kuper."An English player obeys his superior.
He is a soldier."The qualities valued in English football are military-strength,aggression
and courage.This can make for exciting football.But it also means that the English find it
difficult to use skillful players.David Beckham is usually criticized for his failure to defend一
despite the fact that he is an attacker.
If the English like to fight,the Germans like to win.In recent years,Germany has tried
to change its image as a country of ruthless efficiency and a desire for victory at all costs.
But Germans are quite happy for these qualities to remain in their national football team.
"Football is a simple game,"Gary Lineker once said."You kick a ball about for ninety
minutes and in the end the Germans win."
It's difficult to predict who will win this year's World Cup.There is no strong favorite.But
a look at the track record of previous winners shows that it is the nations with the strongest
national characteristics in the football that perform best.It seems that you need to know
where you come from if you want to get to the top.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Brazilian style of playing football?
A:Accuracy.
B:Surprise.
C:Good judgment.
D:Ruthless efficiency.
Income tax【個人所得稅】
For many young Americans, graduating from college means finding a job, moving out of the dorm room and beginning to register one's annual earnings with the US government.
That last item is the law, though sometimes it's a hassle(難事)to obey.
Independent tax advisor Bob Gilbert calls the US income tax system "amazingly complicated". But he adds that "very little of the complicated tax law applies to young people who are just beginning their careers". According to Gilbert, 80 to 90 percent of Americans are not really burdened by the system's complications.
Still, all the numbers and forms can be a little confusing to those who are just starting their careers. Some pull out their calculators and try to do the math alone. Some use income tax software. Others just hand the whole responsibility over to tax firms like Gilbert's. According to income tax law expert Linda Beale, young people will often follow their parents' lead when filling their income forms.
"Young people who grow up in wealthy households typically use professional tax services because their parents have always done so," said Beale, a professor at Wayne State University in Michigan State.
"On the other hand, most poorer young people probably try to do their own taxes, unless they want a quick 'refund' with the help of a tax advisor".
In fact, obeying the law has its benefits. For one, many young people can expect a tax refund. This means that, over the course of the year, they have paid too much in monthly federal or state taxes and are entitled to the difference.
Bob Thalman, a 20-year-old university student, expects he will get a refund of about 100, which will probably go in the bank, or perhaps be used to pay for car insurance or credit card bills.
Thalman called the whole process a "hassle", but added that he didn't wat to test the law by not filling his income tax papers.
"I'm worried about what would happen if I failed to file," he said. "I know one individual who did not report his income tax for many years, and he's now in federal prison. I certainly don’t want that."
文章(16~22)
A college student with a part-time job is not required to file an income tax form.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
For many young Americans, graduating from college means finding a job, moving out of the dorm room and beginning to register one's annual earnings with the US government.
That last item is the law, though sometimes it's a hassle(難事)to obey.
Independent tax advisor Bob Gilbert calls the US income tax system "amazingly complicated". But he adds that "very little of the complicated tax law applies to young people who are just beginning their careers". According to Gilbert, 80 to 90 percent of Americans are not really burdened by the system's complications.
Still, all the numbers and forms can be a little confusing to those who are just starting their careers. Some pull out their calculators and try to do the math alone. Some use income tax software. Others just hand the whole responsibility over to tax firms like Gilbert's. According to income tax law expert Linda Beale, young people will often follow their parents' lead when filling their income forms.
"Young people who grow up in wealthy households typically use professional tax services because their parents have always done so," said Beale, a professor at Wayne State University in Michigan State.
"On the other hand, most poorer young people probably try to do their own taxes, unless they want a quick 'refund' with the help of a tax advisor".
In fact, obeying the law has its benefits. For one, many young people can expect a tax refund. This means that, over the course of the year, they have paid too much in monthly federal or state taxes and are entitled to the difference.
Bob Thalman, a 20-year-old university student, expects he will get a refund of about 100, which will probably go in the bank, or perhaps be used to pay for car insurance or credit card bills.
Thalman called the whole process a "hassle", but added that he didn't wat to test the law by not filling his income tax papers.
"I'm worried about what would happen if I failed to file," he said. "I know one individual who did not report his income tax for many years, and he's now in federal prison. I certainly don’t want that."
文章(16~22)
A college student with a part-time job is not required to file an income tax form.
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Not mentioned
共用題干
What's Killing the Bats?
First it was bees .Now it is bats.Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country.
Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats(Myotis lucfugus),but other species, such as the long-eared bat,the small-footed bat,the eastern pipistrelle,and the Indiana bat have also been affected.In some caves,more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.
One possibility is disease. A white fungus（真菌）known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats.However,scientists don't know if the fungus is the primary cause of death,a secondary cause of death,or not a cause at all,but the result of some other conditions.
Another possible cause is a lack of food.For example,bats typically eat a large number of moths（蛾）,and in some states such as New York,the number of moths has been declining in recent years.If bats can't eat enough food,they starve to death.
Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame.Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating（冬眠）bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time,they might not find their expected food sources.The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.
Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off,but they do agree on the consequences.Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes;a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops.If there aren't enough bats,damage will be great from the insects they eat.
While bats live a long time for their size-the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years-a female bat has only one baby per year,so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.
How can you help?Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats.If you discover bats that seem to be sick or that are dead,contact your local Fish&Wildlife Department with the details.However,be careful not to touch the animals.
What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?
A: Bees have been dying mysteriously.
B: The first article on the website is about bees.
C: Bees usually die before bats.
D:.It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.
What's Killing the Bats?
First it was bees .Now it is bats.Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country.
Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats(Myotis lucfugus),but other species, such as the long-eared bat,the small-footed bat,the eastern pipistrelle,and the Indiana bat have also been affected.In some caves,more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.
One possibility is disease. A white fungus（真菌）known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats.However,scientists don't know if the fungus is the primary cause of death,a secondary cause of death,or not a cause at all,but the result of some other conditions.
Another possible cause is a lack of food.For example,bats typically eat a large number of moths（蛾）,and in some states such as New York,the number of moths has been declining in recent years.If bats can't eat enough food,they starve to death.
Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame.Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating（冬眠）bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time,they might not find their expected food sources.The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.
Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off,but they do agree on the consequences.Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes;a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops.If there aren't enough bats,damage will be great from the insects they eat.
While bats live a long time for their size-the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years-a female bat has only one baby per year,so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.
How can you help?Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats.If you discover bats that seem to be sick or that are dead,contact your local Fish&Wildlife Department with the details.However,be careful not to touch the animals.
What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?
A: Bees have been dying mysteriously.
B: The first article on the website is about bees.
C: Bees usually die before bats.
D:.It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.
The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.
A:polluted
B:treated
C:tested
D:corrupted
A:polluted
B:treated
C:tested
D:corrupted
共用題干
Less Is More
It sounds all wrong一drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to
knocks.But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood
rather than focusing on one weak spot.The discovery should lead to more effective and
lighter packaging materials.
Carpenters have known_________(1)centuries that some woods are tougher than
others. Hickory (山核桃木）,for example, was turned into axe handles and cartwheel
spokes（輪輻）because it can absorb shocks without breaking.White oak,for example,
is much more easily damaged,_________(2)it is almost as dense.Julian Vincent at
Bathe University and his team were convinced the wood's internal structure could explain the
differences.
Many trees have tubular（管的）vessels that run_________(3) the trunk and carry
water to the leaves.In oak they are large,and arranged in narrow bands,but in hickory
they are smaller, and more evenly distributed.The researchers_______(4)this
layout might distribute a blow's energy throughout the wood,soaking up a bigger hit.To
test the idea , they drilled holes 0._________(0.) 65 millimetres across into a block of spruce（云杉）,a
wood with_________(5)vessels,and found that________(6)with stood a harder
knock.__________(7)when there were more than about 30 holes per square centimetre
did the wood's performance drop off.
A uniform substance doesn't cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of
the material is actually_________(8).All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking
the material in one or two places,but often the pieces left_________(9)are pristine（未
經(jīng)破壞的）.
But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place,the holes provide many
weak spots that all absorb energy as they break,says Vincent. "You are controlling the
places_________(10)the wood breaks,and it can then absorb more__________(11),
more safely."
The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material一______(12)
example,to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging.It could__________(13)
be used in car bumpers,crash barriers and armour for military vehicles,says Ulrike
Wegst,_________(14)the Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in Stuttgart.But she
emphasizes that you________(15)to design the substance with the direction of force in
mind."The direction of loading is crucial,"she says.
_________(3)
A:down
B:over
C:up
D:into
Less Is More
It sounds all wrong一drilling holes in a piece of wood to make it more resistant to
knocks.But it works because the energy from the blow gets distributed throughout the wood
rather than focusing on one weak spot.The discovery should lead to more effective and
lighter packaging materials.
Carpenters have known_________(1)centuries that some woods are tougher than
others. Hickory (山核桃木）,for example, was turned into axe handles and cartwheel
spokes（輪輻）because it can absorb shocks without breaking.White oak,for example,
is much more easily damaged,_________(2)it is almost as dense.Julian Vincent at
Bathe University and his team were convinced the wood's internal structure could explain the
differences.
Many trees have tubular（管的）vessels that run_________(3) the trunk and carry
water to the leaves.In oak they are large,and arranged in narrow bands,but in hickory
they are smaller, and more evenly distributed.The researchers_______(4)this
layout might distribute a blow's energy throughout the wood,soaking up a bigger hit.To
test the idea , they drilled holes 0._________(0.) 65 millimetres across into a block of spruce（云杉）,a
wood with_________(5)vessels,and found that________(6)with stood a harder
knock.__________(7)when there were more than about 30 holes per square centimetre
did the wood's performance drop off.
A uniform substance doesn't cope well with knocks because only a small proportion of
the material is actually_________(8).All the energy from the blow goes towards breaking
the material in one or two places,but often the pieces left_________(9)are pristine（未
經(jīng)破壞的）.
But instead of the energy being concentrated in one place,the holes provide many
weak spots that all absorb energy as they break,says Vincent. "You are controlling the
places_________(10)the wood breaks,and it can then absorb more__________(11),
more safely."
The researchers believe the principle could be applied to any material一______(12)
example,to manufacture lighter and more protective packaging.It could__________(13)
be used in car bumpers,crash barriers and armour for military vehicles,says Ulrike
Wegst,_________(14)the Max Plank Institute for Mental Research in Stuttgart.But she
emphasizes that you________(15)to design the substance with the direction of force in
mind."The direction of loading is crucial,"she says.
_________(3)
A:down
B:over
C:up
D:into
共用題干
Travel Across Africa
For six hours we shot through the barren（荒蕪的）landscape of the Karoo desert in South Africa.Just rocks and sand and baking sun.Knowing our journey was ending,Daniel and I just wanted to remember all we had seen and done.He used a camera.I used words.I had already finished three notebooks and was into the fourth,a beautiful leather notebook I'd bought in a market in Mozambique.
Southern Africa was full of stories and visions.We were almost drunk on sensations,the roaring（咆哮）of the water at Victoria Falls,the impossible silence of the Okavango Delta in Botswana.
And then the other things:dogs in the streets,whole families in Soweto living in one room,a kilometre from clean water.
As we drove towards the setting sun,a quietness fell over us.The road was empty一we hadn't seen another car for hours.And as I drove,something caught my eye,something moving close enough to touch them,to smell their hot breath.I didn't know how long they had been there next to us.
I shouted to Dan:“Look!”But he was in a deep sleep,his camera lying useless by his feet.They raced the car for a few seconds,then disappeared far behind us,a memory of hero-ic forms in the red landscape.
When Daniel woke up an hour later I told him what had happened.
“Wild horses?”he said.“Why didn't you wake me up,Sophia?”
“I tried.But they were gone after a few seconds.”
“Are you sure you didn't dream it?”
“You were the one who was sleeping!”
“Typical”,he said.“The best photos are the ones we never take.”
We checked into a dusty hotel and slept the sleep of the dead.
While driving Daniel and Sophia saw wild horses.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
Travel Across Africa
For six hours we shot through the barren（荒蕪的）landscape of the Karoo desert in South Africa.Just rocks and sand and baking sun.Knowing our journey was ending,Daniel and I just wanted to remember all we had seen and done.He used a camera.I used words.I had already finished three notebooks and was into the fourth,a beautiful leather notebook I'd bought in a market in Mozambique.
Southern Africa was full of stories and visions.We were almost drunk on sensations,the roaring（咆哮）of the water at Victoria Falls,the impossible silence of the Okavango Delta in Botswana.
And then the other things:dogs in the streets,whole families in Soweto living in one room,a kilometre from clean water.
As we drove towards the setting sun,a quietness fell over us.The road was empty一we hadn't seen another car for hours.And as I drove,something caught my eye,something moving close enough to touch them,to smell their hot breath.I didn't know how long they had been there next to us.
I shouted to Dan:“Look!”But he was in a deep sleep,his camera lying useless by his feet.They raced the car for a few seconds,then disappeared far behind us,a memory of hero-ic forms in the red landscape.
When Daniel woke up an hour later I told him what had happened.
“Wild horses?”he said.“Why didn't you wake me up,Sophia?”
“I tried.But they were gone after a few seconds.”
“Are you sure you didn't dream it?”
“You were the one who was sleeping!”
“Typical”,he said.“The best photos are the ones we never take.”
We checked into a dusty hotel and slept the sleep of the dead.
While driving Daniel and Sophia saw wild horses.
A:Right
B:Wrong
C:Not mentioned
共用題干
第三篇
Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer
Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near-starvation diet
prolonas the life of many animals.
Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston,U.S.,and his colleagues nave
been able to extend the lifespan（壽命）of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent's(嚙
齒動物）increase of fat in specific cells.This suggests that thinness一and not necessarily
diet一Iromotes lonq life in"calorie（熱量卡）restricted" animals.
"It's very cool work",says aging researche:Cynthia Kenyon of the University ot
California, San Francisc."These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer.It's
like heaven."
Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms
and rodents.Whether this works in humans is still unknown,partly because few people are
willina to submit to such a strict diet.
But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once
they understand how less food leads to a longer life.One theory is that eating less reduces
the increase of harmful things that can damage cells.But Kahn's team wondered whether
the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.
To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin（胰島素）receptor (受體)
gene in lab mice一but only in their fat cells."Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store
fat ,these animals were protected against becoming fat,"explains Kahn.
This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects.By three months of
age.Kahn's modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice,
despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight.
In addition ,their lifespan increased.The average control mouse lived 753 days,while
the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days.After three years,all the control mice had
died.but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive.
"That they ciet these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial,"says
Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,who studies calorie
restriction and aging.
But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for
increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals."It might be the same effect or there might
be two routes to long life,"he points out,"and that would be very interesting."
The average modified mouse lived
A:3 years.
B:753 days.
C:More than 3 years.
D:887 days.
第三篇
Eat More, Weigh Less, Live Longer
Clever genetic detective work may have found out the reason why a near-starvation diet
prolonas the life of many animals.
Ronald Kahn at Harvard Medical School in Boston,U.S.,and his colleagues nave
been able to extend the lifespan（壽命）of mice by 18 per cent by blocking the rodent's(嚙
齒動物）increase of fat in specific cells.This suggests that thinness一and not necessarily
diet一Iromotes lonq life in"calorie（熱量卡）restricted" animals.
"It's very cool work",says aging researche:Cynthia Kenyon of the University ot
California, San Francisc."These mice eat all they want, lose weight and live longer.It's
like heaven."
Calorie restriction dramatically extends the lifespan of organisms as different as worms
and rodents.Whether this works in humans is still unknown,partly because few people are
willina to submit to such a strict diet.
But many researchers hope they will be able to trigger the same effect with a drug once
they understand how less food leads to a longer life.One theory is that eating less reduces
the increase of harmful things that can damage cells.But Kahn's team wondered whether
the animals simply benefit by becoming thin.
To find out, they used biology tricks to disrupt the insulin（胰島素）receptor (受體)
gene in lab mice一but only in their fat cells."Since insulin is needed to help fat cells store
fat ,these animals were protected against becoming fat,"explains Kahn.
This slight genetic change in a single tissue had dramatic effects.By three months of
age.Kahn's modified mice had up to 70 per cent less body fat than normal control mice,
despite the fact that they ate 55 per cent more food per gram of body weight.
In addition ,their lifespan increased.The average control mouse lived 753 days,while
the thin rodents averaged a lifespan of 887 days.After three years,all the control mice had
died.but one-quarter of the modified rodents were still alive.
"That they ciet these effects by just manipulating the fat cells is controversial,"says
Leonard Guarente of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,who studies calorie
restriction and aging.
But Guarente says Kahn has yet to prove that the same effect is responsible for
increased lifespan in calorie-restricted animals."It might be the same effect or there might
be two routes to long life,"he points out,"and that would be very interesting."
The average modified mouse lived
A:3 years.
B:753 days.
C:More than 3 years.
D:887 days.
共用題干
Waste Not,Want Not
1 Bob and Clara Darlington,who own and run a farm in the North of England,have always looked for
new ways of making money out of the produce they grow.Their success began when they established a shop
on their farm so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them.
2 The business was an immediate success,and soon scored top marks in a competition set up by the
Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country.The Association's inspectors found the
Darlingtons' shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetables.
3 Clara Darlington is a trained chef and,in addition to a range of home-grown foods and other local
produce,she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen.
A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added,with everything that visitors could taste on the menu
also being for sale in the shop.
4 Clara admits that starting the business was expensive,and she has worked very hard,but maintains
that if the product is good,the public will recognize this and buy it."I aim to offer the highest quality to our cus-
tomers,whether they come in for a loaf of bread,or take a whole dinner-party menu.I take it as a compliment
（恭維）if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with preten-
ding they made it themselves."
5 The couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm
which were unsuitable for selling in the shop.Clara,not wishing to see them get thrown away,decided to turn
them into soup.
6 The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produces ten
different varieties. She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail,doing presentations of
the soups.As a result,they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies
as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores.
Instead of throwing the damaged vegetables away,the couple__________.
A:sell fresh vegetables
B:turned them into soup
C:sell as much as possible
D:promote her soups
E:fill a gap in the market
F: offered a variety of prepared meals
Waste Not,Want Not
1 Bob and Clara Darlington,who own and run a farm in the North of England,have always looked for
new ways of making money out of the produce they grow.Their success began when they established a shop
on their farm so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them.
2 The business was an immediate success,and soon scored top marks in a competition set up by the
Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country.The Association's inspectors found the
Darlingtons' shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetables.
3 Clara Darlington is a trained chef and,in addition to a range of home-grown foods and other local
produce,she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen.
A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added,with everything that visitors could taste on the menu
also being for sale in the shop.
4 Clara admits that starting the business was expensive,and she has worked very hard,but maintains
that if the product is good,the public will recognize this and buy it."I aim to offer the highest quality to our cus-
tomers,whether they come in for a loaf of bread,or take a whole dinner-party menu.I take it as a compliment
（恭維）if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with preten-
ding they made it themselves."
5 The couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm
which were unsuitable for selling in the shop.Clara,not wishing to see them get thrown away,decided to turn
them into soup.
6 The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produces ten
different varieties. She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail,doing presentations of
the soups.As a result,they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies
as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores.
Instead of throwing the damaged vegetables away,the couple__________.
A:sell fresh vegetables
B:turned them into soup
C:sell as much as possible
D:promote her soups
E:fill a gap in the market
F: offered a variety of prepared meals
He was weary of the constant battle between them.
A:fond
B:proud
C:tired
D:afraid
A:fond
B:proud
C:tired
D:afraid
共用題干
第三篇
Animal Testing Controversy
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,"All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals一no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,"Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,"Don't worry,scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way一in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement,a father's bypass operation,a baby's vaccinations,and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was nee-- ded to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done.Scientists could"adopt"middle school classes and present their own re-search.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's________
A:discontent with animal research
B:ignorance about medical science
C:indifference to epidemics
D:anxiety about animal rights
第三篇
Animal Testing Controversy
To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke,"All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing." One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research.Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care.Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding,and few people understand the process of health care research.Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.
For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is animals一no meat,no fur,no medicines.Asked if she opposed immunizations,she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research.When assured that they do,she replied,"Then I would have to say yes."Asked what will happen when epidemics return,she said,"Don't worry,scientists will find some way of using computers."Such well-meaning people just don't understand.
Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate,understandable way一in human terms,not in the language of molecular biology.We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother's hip replacement,a father's bypass operation,a baby's vaccinations,and even a pet's shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was nee-- ded to produce these treatments,as well as new treatments and vaccines,animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.
Much can be done.Scientists could"adopt"middle school classes and present their own re-search.They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.Research institutions could be opened to tours,to show that laboratory animals receive humane care.Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.If good people do nothing there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.
The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public's________
A:discontent with animal research
B:ignorance about medical science
C:indifference to epidemics
D:anxiety about animal rights
共用題干
Pop Music in Africa
Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music.The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today,such as hip-hop,rap,rock,jazz,or reggae.The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world,but at the same time is distinctly African.It is different also in another way:Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.
Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians.He grew up in Nairobi,Kenya,in a family of musicians.As a teenager,he listened to pop music from the United States,and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music.Now he has produced a CD in Kenya.Eric's most popular song,“Land of‘A Little Something'”is about Kenya's problem of bribery,or paying others for illegal favors.He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.
Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania.Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women.At the age of fifteen she lost her home,but she was luckier than other homeless young people.She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street.By the time she was eighteen years old,she had become a star.Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania,especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women.
Baaba Maal,from Senegal,also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment.He says that in Senegal,storytellers have always been important people.In the past,they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive.Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility.They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better.The words of his songs are important,in fact.They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans,as well as the rights of women,love for one's family, and saving the environment.
One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie.She is sometimes com-pared to Madonna,the American pop star,because she likes to shock people in her shows.But she also likes to make people think.She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid.Now that apartheid has ended,her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life.To sing about these,she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.
In recent years,people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musicians.Through music,the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and,at the same time,influencing the rest of the world.
This passage is about how African pop music is______.
A:usually about love and romance
B:more serious than most pop music
C:popular with young people in Africa
D:mostly written just for entertainment
Pop Music in Africa
Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music.The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today,such as hip-hop,rap,rock,jazz,or reggae.The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world,but at the same time is distinctly African.It is different also in another way:Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.
Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians.He grew up in Nairobi,Kenya,in a family of musicians.As a teenager,he listened to pop music from the United States,and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music.Now he has produced a CD in Kenya.Eric's most popular song,“Land of‘A Little Something'”is about Kenya's problem of bribery,or paying others for illegal favors.He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.
Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania.Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women.At the age of fifteen she lost her home,but she was luckier than other homeless young people.She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street.By the time she was eighteen years old,she had become a star.Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania,especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women.
Baaba Maal,from Senegal,also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment.He says that in Senegal,storytellers have always been important people.In the past,they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive.Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility.They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better.The words of his songs are important,in fact.They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans,as well as the rights of women,love for one's family, and saving the environment.
One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie.She is sometimes com-pared to Madonna,the American pop star,because she likes to shock people in her shows.But she also likes to make people think.She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid.Now that apartheid has ended,her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life.To sing about these,she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.
In recent years,people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musicians.Through music,the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and,at the same time,influencing the rest of the world.
This passage is about how African pop music is______.
A:usually about love and romance
B:more serious than most pop music
C:popular with young people in Africa
D:mostly written just for entertainment
共用題干
Something Men Do Not Like to Do
Eric Brown hates shopping."It's just not enjoyable to me,"said the 28-year-old
Chicago man who was carrying several shopping bags along the city's main street,Michigan
Avenue."When I'm out_______(1),I basically know what I want to get.I rush in.I
buy it.I_______(2)."
Common wisdom says that guys hate to shop.You can ask generations of men.But
people who study shopping say that a number of social,cultural and economic factors are
now_______(3)this "men-hate-to-shop" notion.
"_________(4)social class and age,men say they hate to shop,"says Sharon
Zukin,a City University of New York sociology professor."Yet when you ask them deeper
questions,it turns out that they__________(5)to shop.Men generally like to shop for
_________(6),music and hardware（硬件）.But if you ask them about the shopping they
do for books or music,they'll say,'Well,that's not shopping.That's________(7)."'
In other words,what men and women call"buying things"and how they approach that
task are________(8).
Women will__________(9)through several 1,000-square-metre stores in search of
the perfect party dress.Men will wander through 100 Internet sites in search of the
________(10)digital camcorder（攝像放像機）.
Women see shopping as a social event.Men see it as a mission or a________(11)
to be won.
"Men are frequently shopping to win,"says Mary Ann McGrath,a marketing professor
at Loyola University of Chicago."They want to get the best deal.They want to get the best
one,the last one and if they do that it________(12)them happy."
When women shop,"they're doing it in a way where they want_________(13)to be
very happy,"says McGrath."They're kind of shopping for love."
In fact,it is in clothing where we see a male-female________(14)most clearly.
Why,complain some men,are all male clothes navy,black or brown?But would they
wear light green and pink（粉紅色的）?
These days,many guys wear a sort of"uniform",says Paco Underhill,author of
"Why We Buy"."It's been hard for them to understand what it means to be fashion-
conscious（時尚意識）in a business way. It becomes much, much easier _________
(15)you narrow your range of choices."
_________(14)
A:explanation
B:intention
C:division
D:description
Something Men Do Not Like to Do
Eric Brown hates shopping."It's just not enjoyable to me,"said the 28-year-old
Chicago man who was carrying several shopping bags along the city's main street,Michigan
Avenue."When I'm out_______(1),I basically know what I want to get.I rush in.I
buy it.I_______(2)."
Common wisdom says that guys hate to shop.You can ask generations of men.But
people who study shopping say that a number of social,cultural and economic factors are
now_______(3)this "men-hate-to-shop" notion.
"_________(4)social class and age,men say they hate to shop,"says Sharon
Zukin,a City University of New York sociology professor."Yet when you ask them deeper
questions,it turns out that they__________(5)to shop.Men generally like to shop for
_________(6),music and hardware（硬件）.But if you ask them about the shopping they
do for books or music,they'll say,'Well,that's not shopping.That's________(7)."'
In other words,what men and women call"buying things"and how they approach that
task are________(8).
Women will__________(9)through several 1,000-square-metre stores in search of
the perfect party dress.Men will wander through 100 Internet sites in search of the
________(10)digital camcorder（攝像放像機）.
Women see shopping as a social event.Men see it as a mission or a________(11)
to be won.
"Men are frequently shopping to win,"says Mary Ann McGrath,a marketing professor
at Loyola University of Chicago."They want to get the best deal.They want to get the best
one,the last one and if they do that it________(12)them happy."
When women shop,"they're doing it in a way where they want_________(13)to be
very happy,"says McGrath."They're kind of shopping for love."
In fact,it is in clothing where we see a male-female________(14)most clearly.
Why,complain some men,are all male clothes navy,black or brown?But would they
wear light green and pink（粉紅色的）?
These days,many guys wear a sort of"uniform",says Paco Underhill,author of
"Why We Buy"."It's been hard for them to understand what it means to be fashion-
conscious（時尚意識）in a business way. It becomes much, much easier _________
(15)you narrow your range of choices."
_________(14)
A:explanation
B:intention
C:division
D:description
共用題干
American Roads
The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time.________(51)these wide modern roads are
generally________(52)and well maintained,with________(53)sharp curves and many straight
sections,a direct route is not always the most________(54)one.Large highways often pass ________(55)scenic areas and interesting small towns.Furthermore,these highways generally ________(56)large urban centers,which means that they become crowded with________(57) traffic during rush hours,________(58)the"fast,direct"route becomes a very slow route.However,there is almost always another route to take________(59)you are not in a hurry.Not far from the________(60)new"superhighways",there are often older,________(61)heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside.________(62)of these are good two-lane roads;
others are uneven roads curving through the country.These secondary routes may go up steep slopes,along high________(63),or down frightening hillside to towns________(64)in deep valleys.Through these less direct routes,longer and slower,they generally go to places________ (65)the air is clean and scenery is beautiful,and the driver may have a chance to get a fresh,clean view of the world.
_________(54)
A:terrible
B:possible
C:enjoyable
D:profitable
American Roads
The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one place to another in the shortest possible time.________(51)these wide modern roads are
generally________(52)and well maintained,with________(53)sharp curves and many straight
sections,a direct route is not always the most________(54)one.Large highways often pass ________(55)scenic areas and interesting small towns.Furthermore,these highways generally ________(56)large urban centers,which means that they become crowded with________(57) traffic during rush hours,________(58)the"fast,direct"route becomes a very slow route.However,there is almost always another route to take________(59)you are not in a hurry.Not far from the________(60)new"superhighways",there are often older,________(61)heavily traveled roads which go through the countryside.________(62)of these are good two-lane roads;
others are uneven roads curving through the country.These secondary routes may go up steep slopes,along high________(63),or down frightening hillside to towns________(64)in deep valleys.Through these less direct routes,longer and slower,they generally go to places________ (65)the air is clean and scenery is beautiful,and the driver may have a chance to get a fresh,clean view of the world.
_________(54)
A:terrible
B:possible
C:enjoyable
D:profitable
共用題干
第二篇
Milosevic's Death
Former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic was found dead last Saturday in his cell at the
Hague-based International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.The 64-year-old
had been on trial there since February 2002.
Born in provincial Pozarevac in 1941,he was the second son of a priest and a school
teacher.Both of his parents died when he was still a young adult.The young Milosevic was
"untypical",says Slavoljub Djukic,his unofficial biographer.He was"not interested in
sports, avoided excursions（短途旅行）and used to come to school dressed in the old-
fashioned way一white shirt and tie."One of his old friends said,he could"imagine him as a
station-master or punctilious（一絲不茍的）civil servant."
Indeed that is exactly what he might have become,had he not married Mira.She was
widely believed to be his driving force.
At university and beyond he did well.He worked for various firms and was a communist
party member.By 1986 he was head of Serbia's Central Committee.But still he had not yet
really been noticed.
It was Kosovo that gave him his chance.An autonomous province of Serbia,Kosovo
was home to an Albanian majority and a Serbian minority.In 1989,he was sent there to
calm fears of Serbians who felt they were discriminated against.But instead he played the
nationalist card and became their champion.In so doing,he changed into a ruthless（無情
的）and determined man.At home with Mira he plotted the downfall of his political enemies.
Conspiring（密謀）with the director of Serbian TV,he mounted a modern media campaign
which aimed to get him the most power in the country.
He was elected Serbian president in 1990.In 1997,he became president of
Yugoslavia.The rest of the story is well-known:his nationalist card caused Yugoslavia's
other ethnic groups to fight for their own rights,power and lands.Yugoslavia broke up when
four of the six republics declared independence in 1991,War started and lasted for years
and millions died.Then Western countries intervened.NATO bombed Yugoslavia,and he
eventually stepped down as state leader in 2000.
Soon after this,Serbia's new government,led by Zoran Djindjic,arrested him and sent
him to face justice at the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal in the Hague.
Which of the following is NOT true of the young Milosevic?
A:He dressed in a pretty old-fashioned way.
B:He was not interested in sports.
C:He often avoided excursions.
D:He was extremely ambitious.
第二篇
Milosevic's Death
Former Yugoslav leader Slobodan Milosevic was found dead last Saturday in his cell at the
Hague-based International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.The 64-year-old
had been on trial there since February 2002.
Born in provincial Pozarevac in 1941,he was the second son of a priest and a school
teacher.Both of his parents died when he was still a young adult.The young Milosevic was
"untypical",says Slavoljub Djukic,his unofficial biographer.He was"not interested in
sports, avoided excursions（短途旅行）and used to come to school dressed in the old-
fashioned way一white shirt and tie."One of his old friends said,he could"imagine him as a
station-master or punctilious（一絲不茍的）civil servant."
Indeed that is exactly what he might have become,had he not married Mira.She was
widely believed to be his driving force.
At university and beyond he did well.He worked for various firms and was a communist
party member.By 1986 he was head of Serbia's Central Committee.But still he had not yet
really been noticed.
It was Kosovo that gave him his chance.An autonomous province of Serbia,Kosovo
was home to an Albanian majority and a Serbian minority.In 1989,he was sent there to
calm fears of Serbians who felt they were discriminated against.But instead he played the
nationalist card and became their champion.In so doing,he changed into a ruthless（無情
的）and determined man.At home with Mira he plotted the downfall of his political enemies.
Conspiring（密謀）with the director of Serbian TV,he mounted a modern media campaign
which aimed to get him the most power in the country.
He was elected Serbian president in 1990.In 1997,he became president of
Yugoslavia.The rest of the story is well-known:his nationalist card caused Yugoslavia's
other ethnic groups to fight for their own rights,power and lands.Yugoslavia broke up when
four of the six republics declared independence in 1991,War started and lasted for years
and millions died.Then Western countries intervened.NATO bombed Yugoslavia,and he
eventually stepped down as state leader in 2000.
Soon after this,Serbia's new government,led by Zoran Djindjic,arrested him and sent
him to face justice at the Yugoslav war crimes tribunal in the Hague.
Which of the following is NOT true of the young Milosevic?
A:He dressed in a pretty old-fashioned way.
B:He was not interested in sports.
C:He often avoided excursions.
D:He was extremely ambitious.
共用題干
Interview with Allan Gray
1. I was working for a multinational company in the early 1980s,and my brother asked me if I was interested in going into partnership with him to set up a language school.I'd always wanted to work for myself,and I was a bit fed up with working for someone else,so I said yes.Primarily, I wanted the freedom to make my own decisions,I wanted room to be creative,and also I wanted to be able to get the credit and keep the profits if we were successful.I was also happy to carry the can and take the blame if things went wrong.These things are not possible if you work as an employee in a large organization.
2. I had to borrow money to help start the business,but we were lucky because we also had some outside capital to put into the business.These days it can be really hard to persuade banks to lend money to people who want to start a company,so we were fortunate .It was fairly easy to set up the business,because we had a very clear idea of what we wanted to do.The problem was,all our preconceptions（預想）about what it would be like to run a business were wrong. We made lots of mistakes, and we almost went bankrupt（破產(chǎn)的）at the beginning. At one point, we only had two students in the school.
3. Far too long!We lost money for the first four years and,as I was saying,we nearly went out of business.It took quite a long time to start making profit. The best thing we did,though,was that we hired some really good people to work for us.In fact,some of those people are still work-ing for us,24 years later. Now we're doing well,but it was very risky at first.
4. One is financial constraint（約束）.It can be very tough. I think all small businesses have cashflow problems-it often takes a long time to get paid by your customers.The second big prob- lem is marketing. It takes a lot of funds to market your business,and you have to get your name known and build a reputation .But the biggest challenge is managing the people.All businesses are about people,and you have to learn how to deal with all kinds of people-and I think we've been extremely good at getting the best of our staff.
Paragraph 1______
A:.Strategies in expanding a small business
B: Right people to run a business
C: Time-consuming experience of being successful
D: Challenges of running a business
E: Difficulties in starting the business
F: Reasons for working for oneself
Interview with Allan Gray
1. I was working for a multinational company in the early 1980s,and my brother asked me if I was interested in going into partnership with him to set up a language school.I'd always wanted to work for myself,and I was a bit fed up with working for someone else,so I said yes.Primarily, I wanted the freedom to make my own decisions,I wanted room to be creative,and also I wanted to be able to get the credit and keep the profits if we were successful.I was also happy to carry the can and take the blame if things went wrong.These things are not possible if you work as an employee in a large organization.
2. I had to borrow money to help start the business,but we were lucky because we also had some outside capital to put into the business.These days it can be really hard to persuade banks to lend money to people who want to start a company,so we were fortunate .It was fairly easy to set up the business,because we had a very clear idea of what we wanted to do.The problem was,all our preconceptions（預想）about what it would be like to run a business were wrong. We made lots of mistakes, and we almost went bankrupt（破產(chǎn)的）at the beginning. At one point, we only had two students in the school.
3. Far too long!We lost money for the first four years and,as I was saying,we nearly went out of business.It took quite a long time to start making profit. The best thing we did,though,was that we hired some really good people to work for us.In fact,some of those people are still work-ing for us,24 years later. Now we're doing well,but it was very risky at first.
4. One is financial constraint（約束）.It can be very tough. I think all small businesses have cashflow problems-it often takes a long time to get paid by your customers.The second big prob- lem is marketing. It takes a lot of funds to market your business,and you have to get your name known and build a reputation .But the biggest challenge is managing the people.All businesses are about people,and you have to learn how to deal with all kinds of people-and I think we've been extremely good at getting the best of our staff.
Paragraph 1______
A:.Strategies in expanding a small business
B: Right people to run a business
C: Time-consuming experience of being successful
D: Challenges of running a business
E: Difficulties in starting the business
F: Reasons for working for oneself
When he got out of the manager's office,from his facial expression we knew that his proposal must have been turned down.
A:refused
B:accepted
C:adopted
D:denied
A:refused
B:accepted
C:adopted
D:denied
共用題干
Protection of Wildlife
Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain some hide the fact that similar are felt ill the rest Europe.Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members,have shown that 1 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.
European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr. Peter Baum,an expert in the environment and nature resources division of the council,when he spoke at a conference arranged by the ad- ministrators of a British national park.The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council's diploma for nature reserves of the highest quality,and Dr. Peter Baum had come to present it to the park once again.He was afraid that public opinion was turning against national parks,and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today.But Dr. Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed to be allowed to survive in a peace in their own right.
No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as tourist attraction,he went on .The short view that reserves had to serve immediate human demands for outdoor recrea- tion should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future.
“We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems,on which any built-up area ultimately depends,”Dr. Baum went on,“We could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.However,our natural environment areas,which are the original parts of our countryside,have shrunk to become mere islands in a spoiled and highly polluted landmass.”
Although we all depend on the resources of nature for our survival,______.
A: industrial products are replacing all our natural resources
B: it is only on islands that nature survives
C:we have forgotten what our original countryside looked like
D: we have allowed areas of countryside to be spoilt by industrial development
Protection of Wildlife
Demands for stronger protection for wildlife in Britain some hide the fact that similar are felt ill the rest Europe.Studies by the Council of Europe,of which 21 countries are members,have shown that 1 percent of reptile species and 24 percent of butterflies are in danger of dying out.
European concern for wildlife was outlined by Dr. Peter Baum,an expert in the environment and nature resources division of the council,when he spoke at a conference arranged by the ad- ministrators of a British national park.The park is one of the few areas in Europe to hold the council's diploma for nature reserves of the highest quality,and Dr. Peter Baum had come to present it to the park once again.He was afraid that public opinion was turning against national parks,and that those set up in the 1960s and 1970s could not be set up today.But Dr. Baum clearly remained a strong supporter of the view that natural environments needed to be allowed to survive in a peace in their own right.
No area could be expected to survive both as a true nature reserve and as tourist attraction,he went on .The short view that reserves had to serve immediate human demands for outdoor recrea- tion should be replaced by full acceptance of their importance as places to preserve nature for the future.
“We forget that they are the guarantee of life systems,on which any built-up area ultimately depends,”Dr. Baum went on,“We could manage without most industrial products,but we could not manage without nature.However,our natural environment areas,which are the original parts of our countryside,have shrunk to become mere islands in a spoiled and highly polluted landmass.”
Although we all depend on the resources of nature for our survival,______.
A: industrial products are replacing all our natural resources
B: it is only on islands that nature survives
C:we have forgotten what our original countryside looked like
D: we have allowed areas of countryside to be spoilt by industrial development
共用題干
第三篇
How We Form First Impression
We all have first impression of someone、just met.But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits?
The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be~of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,Even very minor difference in how a person'5 eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming signals are compared against a host of "memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex(皮質）system to determine what these new signals"mean".
If you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new it says,"new and potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other"known"memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don ' t like this person ".Or else , " I'm intrigued（好奇的）".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest
values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks（騙子）,peeks（反常的人）,or freaks（怪人）.
However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane。
Our first impression of someone new is influenced by his or her __________.
A:past experience
B:character
C:facial features
D:hobbies
第三篇
How We Form First Impression
We all have first impression of someone、just met.But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits?
The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be~of the world.Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits,Even very minor difference in how a person'5 eyes,ears,nose,or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different.In fact,your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information-the sights and sounds of your world.These incoming signals are compared against a host of "memories"stored in the brain areas called the cortex(皮質）system to determine what these new signals"mean".
If you see someone you know and like at school,your brain says"familiar and safe".If you see someone new it says,"new and potentially threatening".Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other"known"memories.The height,weight,dress,ethnicity,gestures,and tone of voice are all matched up.The more unfamiliar the characteristics are,the more your brain may say,"This is new.I don ' t like this person ".Or else , " I'm intrigued（好奇的）".Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes,ethnicity,gestures-like your other friends;so your brain says,"I like this person".But these preliminary"impressions"can be dead wrong.
When we stereotype people,we use a less mature form of thinking(not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child)that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history,interest
values,strengths,and true character-we categorize them as jocks（騙子）,peeks（反常的人）,or freaks（怪人）.
However,if we resist initial stereotypical impressions,we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like.If we spend time with a person,hear about his or her life,hopes,dreams,and become aware of the person's character,we use a different,more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex,which allow us to be humane。
Our first impression of someone new is influenced by his or her __________.
A:past experience
B:character
C:facial features
D:hobbies